• Useful Game Dev Macros C Download
• Useful Games Dev Macros C++

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The #define creates a macro, which is the association of an identifier or parameterized identifier with a token string. After the macro is defined, the compiler can substitute the token string for each occurrence of the identifier in the source file.

Syntax

#defineidentifiertoken-string_opt
#defineidentifier(identifier_opt, .. ,identifier_opt)token-string_opt

Remarks

The #define directive causes the compiler to substitute token-string for each occurrence of identifier in the source file. The identifier is replaced only when it forms a token. That is, identifier is not replaced if it appears in a comment, in a string, or as part of a longer identifier. For more information, see Tokens.

The token-string argument consists of a series of tokens, such as keywords, constants, or complete statements. One or more white-space characters must separate token-string from identifier. This white space is not considered part of the substituted text, nor is any white space that follows the last token of the text.

A #define without a token-string removes occurrences of identifier from the source file. The identifier remains defined and can be tested by using the #if defined and #ifdef directives.

The second syntax form defines a function-like macro with parameters. This form accepts an optional list of parameters that must appear in parentheses. After the macro is defined, each subsequent occurrence of identifier( identifier_opt, .., identifier_opt ) is replaced with a version of the token-string argument that has actual arguments substituted for formal parameters.

Formal parameter names appear in token-string to mark the locations where actual values are substituted. Each parameter name can appear multiple times in token-string, and the names can appear in any order. The number of arguments in the call must match the number of parameters in the macro definition. Liberal use of parentheses guarantees that complex actual arguments are interpreted correctly.

The formal parameters in the list are separated by commas. Each name in the list must be unique, and the list must be enclosed in parentheses. No spaces can separate identifier and the opening parenthesis. Use line concatenation — place a backslash () immediately before the newline character — for long directives on multiple source lines. The scope of a formal parameter name extends to the new line that ends token-string.

When a macro has been defined in the second syntax form, subsequent textual instances followed by an argument list indicate a macro call. The actual arguments that follows an instance of identifier in the source file are matched to the corresponding formal parameters in the macro definition. Each formal parameter in token-string that is not preceded by a stringizing (#), charizing (#@), or token-pasting (##) operator, or not followed by a ## operator, is replaced by the corresponding actual argument. Any macros in the actual argument are expanded before the directive replaces the formal parameter. (The operators are described in Preprocessor operators.)

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The following examples of macros with arguments illustrate the second form of the #define syntax:

Arguments with side effects sometimes cause macros to produce unexpected results. A given formal parameter may appear more than one time in token-string. If that formal parameter is replaced by an expression with side effects, the expression, with its side effects, may be evaluated more than one time. (See the examples under Token-Pasting Operator (##).)

The #undef directive causes an identifier's preprocessor definition to be forgotten. See The #undef Directive for more information.

Useful Game Dev Macros C Download

If the name of the macro being defined occurs in token-string (even as a result of another macro expansion), it is not expanded.

A second #define for a macro with the same name generates a warning unless the second token sequence is identical to the first.

Microsoft Specific

Microsoft C/C++ lets you redefine a macro if the new definition is syntactically identical to the original definition. In other words, the two definitions can have different parameter names. This behavior differs from ANSI C, which requires that the two definitions be lexically identical.

For example, the following two macros are identical except for the parameter names. ANSI C does not allow such a redefinition, but Microsoft C/C++ compiles it without error.

On the other hand, the following two macros are not identical and will generate a warning in Microsoft C/C++.

END Microsoft Specific

This example illustrates the #define directive:

The first statement defines the identifier WIDTH as the integer constant 80 and defines LENGTH in terms of WIDTH and the integer constant 10. Each occurrence of LENGTH is replaced by (WIDTH + 10). In turn, each occurrence of WIDTH + 10 is replaced by the expression (80 + 10). The parentheses around WIDTH + 10 are important because they control the interpretation in statements such as the following:

After the preprocessing stage the statement becomes:

which evaluates to 1800. Without parentheses, the result is:

which evaluates to 280.

Microsoft Specific

Defining macros and constants with the /D compiler option has the same effect as using a #define preprocessing directive at the start of your file. Up to 30 macros can be defined by using the /D option.

END Microsoft Specific

See also

• C++ Basics

• C++ Object Oriented

• C++ Advanced

• C++ Useful Resources

• Selected Reading

The preprocessors are the directives, which give instructions to the compiler to preprocess the information before actual compilation starts.

All preprocessor directives begin with #, and only white-space characters may appear before a preprocessor directive on a line. Preprocessor directives are not C++ statements, so they do not end in a semicolon (;).

You already have seen a #include directive in all the examples. This macro is used to include a header file into the source file.

There are number of preprocessor directives supported by C++ like #include, #define, #if, #else, #line, etc. Let us see important directives −

The #define Preprocessor

The #define preprocessor directive creates symbolic constants. The symbolic constant is called a macro and the general form of the directive is −

When this line appears in a file, all subsequent occurrences of macro in that file will be replaced by replacement-text before the program is compiled. For example −

Now, let us do the preprocessing of this code to see the result assuming we have the source code file. So let us compile it with -E option and redirect the result to test.p. Now, if you check test.p, it will have lots of information and at the bottom, you will find the value replaced as follows −

Function-Like Macros

You can use #define to define a macro which will take argument as follows −

If we compile and run above code, this would produce the following result −

Conditional Compilation

There are several directives, which can be used to compile selective portions of your program's source code. This process is called conditional compilation.

The conditional preprocessor construct is much like the ‘if’ selection structure. Consider the following preprocessor code −

You can compile a program for debugging purpose. You can also turn on or off the debugging using a single macro as follows −

This causes the cerr statement to be compiled in the program if the symbolic constant DEBUG has been defined before directive #ifdef DEBUG. You can use #if 0 statment to comment out a portion of the program as follows −

Let us try the following example −

If we compile and run above code, this would produce the following result −

The # and ## Operators

The # and ## preprocessor operators are available in C++ and ANSI/ISO C. The # operator causes a replacement-text token to be converted to a string surrounded by quotes.

Consider the following macro definition −

If we compile and run above code, this would produce the following result −

Let us see how it worked. It is simple to understand that the C++ preprocessor turns the line −

Above line will be turned into the following line −

The ## operator is used to concatenate two tokens. Here is an example −

When CONCAT appears in the program, its arguments are concatenated and used to replace the macro. For example, CONCAT(HELLO, C++) is replaced by 'HELLO C++' in the program as follows.

If we compile and run above code, this would produce the following result −

Let us see how it worked. It is simple to understand that the C++ preprocessor transforms −

Above line will be transformed into the following line −

Predefined C++ Macros

C++ provides a number of predefined macros mentioned below −

Sr.No	Macro & Description
1	__LINE__ This contains the current line number of the program when it is being compiled.
2	__FILE__ This contains the current file name of the program when it is being compiled.
3	__DATE__ This contains a string of the form month/day/year that is the date of the translation of the source file into object code.
4	__TIME__ This contains a string of the form hour:minute:second that is the time at which the program was compiled.

Useful Games Dev Macros C++

Let us see an example for all the above macros −

If we compile and run above code, this would produce the following result −